Acne
Acne is a skin condition characterized by blackheads, whiteheads, and small, red bumps (pimples) on the face, back and chest. Although the condition generally occurs during adolescence, a form of acne can also develop during infancy.
WHAT CAUSES ACNE?
Neonatal (newborn) acne develops when maternal hormones stimulate the sebaceous (oil) glands in the baby's skin. Boys develop this problem more often than girls. Outbreaks of neonatal acne generally appear on the cheeks, but in rare cases they also occur on the back and chest. The condition usually disappears two or three months after birth, when the effect of the mother's hormones subsides.
Infantile acne resembles neonatal acne in both appearance and duration. The main difference is that it appears at three or four months of age and is not due to hormones from the mother. The exact cause of this type of acne is unknown. In most cases, it disappears by the twelfth to eighteenth month of life.
HOW DOES ACNE DEVELOP?
The oil that keeps the skin smooth and supple is secreted by tiny glands connected to each hair follicle. (Hair follicles are microscopic, vertical canals out of which individual hairs grow.) When hormones stimulate the glands, they produce extra oil, which normally passes out of the follicle and onto the surface of the skin. Sometimes, however, dead cells clog the follicles, trapping oil inside. As oil and dead cells build up, the characteristic bumps are formed.
What distinguishes the acne that develops in infants from the type that occurs in adolescence is the absence of severe inflammation. In many cases of adolescent acne, bacteria multiply within the blocked follicles, causing them to rupture and creating large, purplish-red lesions. By contrast, neonatal and infantile acne usually consists only of pinkish bumps and plugged pores that rarely if ever get inflamed.
IS MEDICAL ATTENTION NECESSARY?
It is a good idea to consult a pediatrician regarding any rash that appears on an infant's face, particularly if the baby is newborn. The doctor may want to examine the rash to make sure it is acne rather than cradle cap (which can also cause facial bumps) or some other condition.
WHAT TREATMENTS ARE AVAILABLE?
Neonatal and infantile acne usually disappear over time without medical treatment. If a baby's acne is severe or persists for several months without much improvement, the doctor may prescribe a topical antiacne medication that removes the dead cells blocking hair follicles.
GETTING HELP
Call your doctor if your infant:
• Develops any kind of rash in the first six weeks of life
• Develops persistent acne, particularly with inflammation (redness and swelling). In children, this type of acne may be a sign of a hormonal disorder, a possibility the doctor should investigate.
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